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The latest PC gaming hardware news, plus expert, trustworthy and unbiased buying guides. Debian - Wikipedia. Debian. Debian GNU/Linux 8. GNOME and some free software applications. Developer. Debian Project (Software in the Public Interest)OS family. Unix- like. Working state. Current. Source model. Open source. Initial release. September 1. 99. 3; 2. Latest release. 9. Stretch) (July 2. Available in. 75 languages. Update method. APT (several front- ends available)Package managerdpkg. Platforms. ARM6. 4, armel[disambiguation needed] (ARM little- endian), armhf, MIPS, mipsel, Power. PC, PPC6. 4le, x. Architecture[2]Kernel type. Monolithic: * Linux* k. Free. BSD (in development)Micro: * GNU Hurd (in development)[3]Userland. GNUDefault user interface. GNOME (Xfce on non- Linux ports)License. DFSG- compliant(free software licenses)Official websitewww. Debian ()[4][5] is a Unix- like computer operating system that is composed entirely of free software, most of which is under the GNU General Public License and packaged by a group of individuals participating in the Debian Project. The Debian Project was first announced in 1. Ian Murdock, Debian 0. September 1. 5, 1. The Debian stablerelease branch is the most popular Debian edition for personal computers and network servers, and has been used as a base for many other distributions. The project's work is carried out over the Internet by a team of volunteers guided by the Debian Project Leader and three foundational documents: the Debian Social Contract, the Debian Constitution, and the Debian Free Software Guidelines. New distributions are updated continually, and the next candidate is released after a time- based freeze. As one of the earliest operating systems based on the Linux kernel, it was decided that Debian was to be developed openly and freely distributed in the spirit of the GNU Project. This decision drew the attention and support of the Free Software Foundation, which sponsored the project for one year from November 1. November 1. 99. 5.[8] Upon the ending of the sponsorship, the Debian Project formed the non- profit organisation Software in the Public Interest. While Debian's main port, Debian GNU/Linux, uses the Linux kernel and GNU programs, other ports exist based on BSD kernels and the GNU HURD microkernel. All use the GNU userland and the GNU C library (glibc). Features[edit]. Debian 7 installation menu. Graphical version of the Debian Installer. Debian console login and welcome message. Debian has access to online repositories that contain over 5. Debian officially contains only free software, but non- free software can be downloaded and installed from the Debian repositories.[1. Debian includes popular free programs such as Libre. Office,[1. 2]Firefox web browser, Evolution mail, K3b disc burner, VLC media player, GIMP image editor, and Evince document viewer.[1. Debian is a popular choice for web servers (cf. LAMP).[1. 3][1. 4]Kernels[edit]Debian supports Linux officially, offered k. Free. BSD for version 7 but not 8,[1. GNU Hurd unofficially.[1. GNU/k. Free. BSD was released as a technology preview for IA- 3. Debian's Linux distribution.[1. Official support for k. Free. BSD was removed for version 8, which did not provide a k. Free. BSD- based distribution. Several flavors of the Linux kernel exist for each port. For example, the i. IA- 3. 2 PCs supporting Physical Address Extension and real- time computing, for older PCs, and for x. PCs.[1. 8] The Linux kernel does not officially contain firmware without sources, although such firmware is available in non- free packages and alternative installation media.[1. Installation and Live images[edit]Debian offers DVD and CD images for installation that can be downloaded using Bit. Torrent or jigdo. Physical disks can also be bought from retailers.[2. The full sets are made up of several discs (the amd. DVDs or 8. 4 CDs),[2. Debian offers different network installation methods. A minimal install of Debian is available via the netinst CD, whereby Debian is installed with just a base and later added software can be downloaded from the Internet. Another option is to boot the installer from the network.[2. Installation images are hybrid on some architectures and can be used to create a bootable USB drive (Live USB).[2. The default bootstrap loader is GNU GRUB version 2, though the package name is simply grub, while version 1 was renamed to grub- legacy. This conflicts with e. Fedora, where grub version 2 is named grub. The default desktop may be chosen from the DVD boot menu among GNOME, KDE Software Compilation, Xfce and LXDE, and from special disc 1 CDs.[2. History[edit]Founding (1. Debian was first announced on August 1. Ian Murdock, who initially called the system "the Debian Linux Release".[2. The word "Debian" was formed as a portmanteau of the first name of his then- girlfriend Debra Lynn and his own first name.[3. Before Debian's release, the Softlanding Linux System (SLS) had been a popular Linux distribution and the basis for Slackware.[3. The perceived poor maintenance and prevalence of bugs in SLS motivated Murdock to launch a new distribution. Debian 0. 0. 1, released on September 1. Version 0. 9. 0 was the first public release,[6] providing support through mailing lists hosted at Pixar.[3. The release included the Debian Linux Manifesto, outlining Murdock's view for the new operating system. In it he called for the creation of a distribution to be maintained openly, in the spirit of Linux and GNU.[3. The Debian project released the 0. During this time it was sponsored by the Free Software Foundation for one year.[3. Ian Murdock delegated the base system, the core packages of Debian, to Bruce Perens and Murdock focused on the management of the growing project. The first ports to non- IA- 3. Debian 1. 1 was released in 1. By that time and thanks to Ian Jackson, the dpkg package manager was already an essential part of Debian. In 1. 99. 6, Bruce Perens assumed the project leadership. Perens was a controversial leader, regarded as authoritarian and strongly attached to Debian. He drafted a social contract and edited suggestions from a month- long discussion into the Debian Social Contract and the Debian Free Software Guidelines.[4. After the FSF withdrew their sponsorship in the midst of the free software vs. Perens initiated the creation of the legal umbrella organization. Software in the Public Interest instead of seeking renewed involvement with the FSF.[3. He led the conversion of the project from a. ELF. He created the Busy. Box program to make it possible to run a Debian installer on a single floppy, and wrote a new installer.[4. By the time Debian 1. Perens left the project in 1. Ian Jackson became the leader in 1. Debian 2. 0 introduced the second official port, m. During this time the first port to a non- Linux kernel, Debian GNU/Hurd, was started.[4. On December 2, the first Debian Constitution was ratified.[4. Leader election (1. From 1. 99. 9, the project leader was elected yearly.[4. The Advanced Packaging Tool was deployed with Debian 2. The amount of applicants was overwhelming and the project established the new member process.[5. The first Debian derivatives, namely Libranet,[5. Corel Linux and Stormix's Storm Linux, were started in 1. The 2. 2 release in 2. Joel Klecker, a developer who died of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.[5. In late 2. 00. 0, the project reorganized the archive with new package "pools" and created the Testing distribution, made up of packages considered stable, to reduce the freeze for the next release.[3. In the same year, developers began holding an annual conference called Deb. Conf with talks and workshops for developers and technical users.[5. In May 2. 00. 1, Hewlett- Packard announced plans to base its Linux development on Debian.[5. In July 2. 00. 2, the project released version 3. Woody, the first release to include cryptographic software, a free licensed KDE and internationalization. During these last release cycles, the Debian project drew considerable criticism from the free software community because of the long time between stable releases.[5. Some events disturbed the project while working on Sarge, as Debian servers were attacked by fire and hackers.[3. One of the most memorable was the Vancouver prospectus.[6. After a meeting held in Vancouver, release manager Steve Langasek announced a plan to reduce the number of supported ports to four in order to shorten future release cycles.[6. There was a large reaction because the proposal looked more like a decision and because such a drop would damage Debian's aim to be "the universal operating system".[6. Smoking Showdown: Vape Pens vs. Joints. The dim glow of an e- cigarette activating has become the butt of quite a few jokes about the concept of “cool.” While they’re not hip, the tech behind them is, especially when paired with cannabis. But not everyone wants to smoke their marijuana out of what looks like a Bluetooth- enabled straw. Sometimes a joint works just fine, especially among friends. So which one’s best? Competition. Vaping, like smoking a cannabis cigarette, provides you with a pretty easy way to consume the plant. One is powered via USB port, the other with a lighter. They’ll both get you high. Vapes. Ah, vaping. The future of enjoying cannabis. Vaping, either with cannabis oil in cartridges or ground up cannabis flower inside a heating chamber, heats the cannabis without burning it, vaporizing the active ingredient and getting you high. If you’ve ever been inside a weed store, whether that’s medical or recreational, you know that…Read more Joints. Rolling a joint is the tried and true way to get high. Grind up your herb, get some rolling papers, and light up. Sure, it’s smoking, but it’s definitely healthier for you than actual cigarettes. Vapes: The Dorky Future of Enjoying Cannabis. While vaping does look dorky, its advantage over smoking a classic joint is convenience is worth the nerd points. Besides, cannabis is probably the coolest thing you can vape, so you automatically win that round. You can carry a vaporizer practically anywhere, as long as you’re following the law wherever you are. They range in size from pen- sized vaporizers with twist- off cannabis cartridges to handheld units the size of a point- and- shoot camera. Don’t get it twisted. You’re not exactly engaging in a healthy activity by partaking in some vaporizing. But it’s still healthier than smoking a cigarette. With fewer toxins and no combustion involved, it generates fewer carcinogens, and doesn’t produce any smoke, only vapor. Joints: Cannabis for People Who Drive Stick. Joints are the classic cannabis consumption method of choice. Get your rolling paper, filter, and ground cannabis, and light it up. Smoking one with friends is always a blast, and doesn’t look like you’re all getting your DNA analyzed. Also, it’s a battery- free experience, so you don’t have to worry about where you put your charging cable. So you’re about to hop on a plane, but you want to bring your legally acquired medical marijuana…Read more Of course, assembling a joint from scratch is a pain when compared to pulling out a pen and taking a quick puff whenever you want. In addition, all your saliva residue might hold the rolled result together, but it’s not exactly germ- free. A joint is also more noticeable than a pen, and while you might get away with using a vape pen inside an establishment, smoking indoors is usually a no- no. Vaping’s For Dorks, But It’s The Future of Cannabis Consumption. Vape fans, rejoice! While you will look like a geek for years to come, vaping is simply the most convenient way to enjoy a bit of cannabis. You don’t need to start a fire, you can take a puff basically anywhere, and there’s no smoke. Plus, it’s healthier! Sure, joints are cool if you’re hanging with friends, but hey, who’s gonna turn you down, anyway?
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